Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hu ua semiconductors. Txhua yam khoom siv, kev sib txuas ua ke, microchips, transistors, thiab ntau lub sensors yog tsim nrog cov khoom siv semiconductor.
Thaum silicon yog cov khoom siv semiconductor siv dav tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv, suav nrog germanium, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, thiab cov khoom siv semiconductors. Txhua yam khoom muaj qhov zoo xws li tus nqi-rau-kev ua tau zoo, kev ua haujlwm siab, kev ua siab ntev ntev, lossis xav tau cov lus teb rau lub teeb liab.
Semiconductors
Semiconductors muaj txiaj ntsig vim tias cov kws ua haujlwm tswj hwm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tus cwj pwm thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom. Semiconductor zog yog tswj los ntawm kev ntxiv me me ntawm impurities hauv semiconductor los ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua doping. Txawv impurities thiab concentrations ua rau cov teebmeem sib txawv. Los ntawm kev tswj cov doping, txoj kev hluav taws xob tam sim no txav los ntawm semiconductor tuaj yeem tswj tau.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug raug conductor, zoo li tooj liab, electrons nqa tam sim no thiab ua raws li tus nqi thauj khoom. Hauv semiconductors, ob qho tib si electrons thiab qhov (tsis muaj electron) ua raws li cov khoom thauj. Los ntawm kev tswj cov doping ntawm lub semiconductor, cov conductivity thiab tus nqi thauj khoom yog tailored los ntawm electron los yog qhov raws li.
Muaj ob hom tshuaj doping:
- N-hom dopants, feem ntau phosphorus lossis arsenic, muaj tsib lub tshuab hluav taws xob, uas, thaum ntxiv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, muab cov hluav taws xob dawb ntxiv. Txij li thaum electrons muaj tus nqi tsis zoo, cov khoom siv doped li no hu ua N-type.
- P-hom dopants, xws li boron thiab gallium, muaj peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob, uas ua rau tsis muaj hluav taws xob hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor. Qhov no tsim ib lub qhov los yog tus nqi zoo, yog li lub npe P-hom.
Ob leeg N-hom thiab P-hom dopants, txawm tias nyob rau hauv feeb kom muaj nuj nqis, ua rau ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, N-hom thiab P-hom semiconductors tsis yog tshwj xeeb thiab tsuas yog cov neeg coj ncaj ncees xwb. Thaum cov hom no tau muab tso rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ib leeg, tsim P-N hlws ris, lub semiconductor tau txais kev coj cwj pwm sib txawv thiab muaj txiaj ntsig.
P-N Junction Diode
A P-N junction, tsis zoo li txhua yam khoom sib cais, tsis ua raws li tus neeg xyuas pib. Ntau dua li tso cai rau tam sim no ntws mus rau ob qho kev taw qhia, P-N kev sib tshuam tso cai rau tam sim no ntws mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia, tsim ib qho yooj yim diode.
Siv lub zog hluav taws xob hla P-N kev sib tshuam hauv kev taw qhia pem hauv ntej (rau pem hauv ntej kev tsis ncaj ncees) pab cov hluav taws xob hauv cheeb tsam N-hom ua ke nrog cov qhov hauv cheeb tsam P-hom. Sim thim rov qab qhov ntws ntawm tam sim no (reverse bias) los ntawm lub diode quab yuam cov electrons thiab qhov sib nrug, uas tiv thaiv tam sim no los ntawm ntws hla txoj kev sib tshuam. Ua ke P-N junctions nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev qhib lub qhov rooj rau lwm yam semiconductor Cheebtsam, xws li cov transistor.
Transistors
Ib qho yooj yim transistor yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm peb hom N thiab P-hom khoom es tsis yog ob qho siv hauv diode. Kev sib xyaw cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau NPN thiab PNP transistors, uas yog hu ua bipolar junction transistors (BJT). Qhov chaw, lossis hauv paus, cheeb tsam BJT tso cai rau lub transistor los ua tus hloov lossis amplifier.
NPN thiab PNP transistors zoo li ob lub diodes tso rov qab, uas thaiv txhua qhov tam sim no los ntawm ntws mus rau ob qho tib si. Thaum lub nruab nrab txheej yog rau pem hauv ntej biased thiaj li hais tias ib tug me me tam sim no ntws los ntawm nruab nrab txheej, cov khoom ntawm lub diode tsim nrog lub nruab nrab txheej hloov mus rau ib tug loj tam sim no ntws mus rau tag nrho cov ntaus ntawv. Qhov kev coj cwj pwm no ua rau lub transistor muaj peev xwm los ua kom nrov me me tam sim no thiab ua raws li qhov hloov pauv uas hloov qhov tam sim no rau lossis tawm.
Ntau hom transistors thiab lwm yam khoom siv semiconductor tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm P-N junctions nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, los ntawm cov qib siab, tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm transistors mus rau kev tswj diodes. Cov hauv qab no yog ob peb yam ntawm cov khoom ua los ntawm kev ua tib zoo ua ke ntawm P-N junctions:
- DIAC
- Laser diode
- Lub teeb-emitting diode (LED)
- Zener diode
- YDarlington transistor
- Teb-tshuaj cuam tshuam transistor (nrog rau MOSFETs)
- IGBT transistor
- Silicon tswj rectifier
- Kev sib koom ua ke
- Microprocessor
- Digital nco (RAM thiab ROM)
Sensors
Ntxiv rau qhov kev tswj hwm tam sim no uas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tso cai, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kuj tseem muaj cov khoom ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv qhov kub, siab, thiab lub teeb. Ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv kev tawm tsam yog hom lus teb ntau tshaj plaws rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob semiconductive.
Cov hom sensors ua tau los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj xws li:
- Hall effect sensor (magnetic field sensor)
- Thermistor (resistive kub sensor)
- CCD/CMOS (duab sensor)
- Photodiode (lub teeb sensor)
- Photoresistor (lub teeb sensor)
- Piezoresistive (siab / lim sensors)
